U07d1, u07d2, & u07d3 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

U07d1, u07d2, & u07d3 - Coursework Example At that point, Mars will be a reasonably habitable world for a few billion years longer. As the sun grows ever hotter and its diameter begins to expand, Mars will enjoy ever more abundant solar energy resources, as well as milder surface temperatures. Of course, with its puny atmosphere and total absence of any planetary magnetosphere, it will offer little protection against the eruptions of radiation from the increasingly bloated solar corona, but underground habitats on Mars should be quite sustainable for a very long time. About 4 billion years from now, the Sun will become a full-blown red giant, with a diameter large enough to swallow the Earth. At that point, there might be some viable space colonies maintainable in the asteroid belt. The Sun will be blowing off huge clouds of its outer atmosphere and the attendant radiation will make it rather a toxic environment for life; the vast amounts of electrically charged plasma flowing outward from the sun, and the contorted magnetic fields accompanying it, would also make things difficult for any unshielded electronic devices. Also, the massive outflows and increased radiation output from the Sun are likely to destabilize the Kuiper belt, and send lots of new comets zooming through the inner solar system, and smashing up the inner planets (Mars included). But of course, eventually the solar system will have to be abandoned altogether before the Sun finally goes nova and shrinks down into a white dwarf. With no nearby planets left (all swallowed by the Sun during its red giant stage), the remains of the solar system will become frigid and pretty much uninhabitable. Hence we can say that the migration of life away from the Sun will be gradual. Sun's activity will "squeeze" life out toward the outer planets and from there onward toward nearby solarsystems. 2. "Unknowingly, we plow the dust of stars, blown about us by the wind, and drink the universe in a glass of rain." —Ihab Hassan, Egyptian theorist. What does this quote mean to you? How is it, or can it be, related to astronomy, and to what you are learning? To me there is no greater mystery than the fact that we inhabit a universe so incomprehensibly vast, yet so devoid of obvious signs of intelligent life.   There is something so haunting about this immense emptiness; it is as if we have lit a candle in the dark, only to discover that what we thought was a cozy hut built just for us is really a yawning, alien cathedral without worshippers, architects or gods.   Galaxies swarm around us like fireflies in every direction, containing billions of trillions of suns, untold quadrillions of worlds across billions of years in time.      While the â€Å"cosmic shock† problem has been tackled by many other serious thinkers since those early visionaries of the post-Hubble age, it remains essentially unsolved.   Perhaps it will require a mystic — some modern Buddha or Mohammed, meditating in a metaphorical cave, conte mplating the mysteries of the universe revealed by science — to arrive at some new set of revelations for our cosmic age.   That may sound like dangerous nonsense to some, but stranger things have happened before.  Ã‚   Scientist-mystics like Sagan and Clarke have come as close as anyone to make us feel at home in this strange Cosmos, but the Great Silence still looms.   Perhaps if there is  contact and childhood’s end  there will be a resolution to this crisis; until then we are left speculating, wondering and groping for

Copyright and Plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Copyright and Plagiarism - Essay Example This happens when a person publish a material pretending to own the idea which truly belongs to another. To address this type of issue, a copyright law is passed to protect the published or unpublished works. Copyright is a legal term describing rights given to creators for their literary and artistic works (Byer, n.d., par.3). It is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States. As we grow older, technology grows faster. Internet technology is now very advanced and is being used by almost everyone in this world. From children to grandparents, everybody is hooked with what internet can offer. We read, paint, post, communicate and write in the internet. Thus, as Montecino (1999, p.1) quoted in his article the internet has been characterized as the largest threat to copyright since its inception. According to Ovittore (2005, par.1), we bloggers are responsible for what we write. We are not less than any news writer that we knew. Thus we must be responsible to avoid any form or act of libel or slander which is prohibited by laws. His article encourages bloggers like us to go through the same copy editing like publishers and be responsible to our actions. Monitoring copyright violation in the internet is impossible. Nobody can monitor every case thus copyright issues cannot be addressed (Marky, 2009, par.5).

Patterns Within Systems Of Linear Equations

Patterns Within Systems Of Linear Equations The purpose of this report is to investigate systems of linear equations where the systems constants have mathematical patterns. The first system to be considered is a 2 x 2 system of linear of equations: In the first equation, the constants are 1, 2, and 3 in that order. It is observed that each constant is increased by 1 from the previous constant. Thus, the constants make up an arithmetic sequence whereby the first term ( U1 ) = 1, and the difference between each term ( d ) = 1. Hence, the general formula is Un = U1 + (n-1)(1) where n represents the nth term. U2 = U1 + (n-1)(d) U3 = U1 + (n-1)(d) 2 = 1 + (2-1)(1) 3 = 1 + (3-1)(1) 2 = 2 3 = 3 In the second equation, the constants are 2, -1, and -4 in that order. It is observed that each constant is increased by -3 from the previous constant. Thus, the constants from this equation also make up an arithmetic sequence whereby U1 = 2 and d = -3. Hence the general formula is Un = U1 + (n-1)(-3). U2 = U1 + (n-1)(d) U3 = U1 + (n-1)(d) -1 = 2 + (2-1)(-3) -4 = 2 + (3-1)(-3) -1 = -1 -4 = -4 To further investigate the significance of these arithmetic sequences, the equations will be solved by substitution and displayed graphically. x + 2y = 3 2x y = -4 x = 3- 2y y = 2x + 4 x = 3 2(2) y = 2(3 2y) +4 x = -1 5y = 6 + 4 y = 2 On the graph, both lines meet at a common point (-1,2) where x = -1 and y = 2. The two linear equations have a solution of x = -1 and y = 2, proven analytically and graphically. However, this pattern may be only specific to this 2 x 2 system of linear equations. Therefore, other 2 x 2 system of linear equations following the same pattern of having constants forming arithmetic sequences will be examined as well. Another 2 x 2 system of linear equations to be considered is: The constants of these equations are 3, 6, and 9, and 4, 2, and 0 with a difference of 1 and -2 respectively. The equations were then re-written as: And plotted on a graph. The common point of both equations is (-1,2), with x being -1 and y being 2. Therefore the common point has been proven both analytically and graphically to be (-1,2). Another example is: The constants of these equations are -3, 1, and 5, and -2, -6, and -10 with a difference of 4 and -4 respectively. The equations were then re-written as: And plotted on a graph. The common point is (-1,2). Thus it is both proven analytically and graphically that the common point is (-1,2). Another example is: The constants of these equations are 3, 2, and 1, and 2, 7, and 12 with a difference of -1 and 5 respectively. The equations were then re-written as: And plotted on a graph. The common point is (-1,2). Thus it is both proven analytically and graphically that the common point is (-1,2). Another example is: The constants of these equations are 5, 12, and 19, and 1, -5, and -11 with a difference of 7 and -6 respectively. The equations were then re-written as: And plotted on a graph. The common point is (-1,2). Thus it is both proven analytically and graphically that the common point is (-1,2). From the examples of 22 systems of linear equations, a conjecture that could be derived is: The solution for any 22 system of linear equations with constants that form an arithmetic sequence is always x=-1 and y=2. The general formula of such equations could be written as: Whereby represents the first term for the first equation and represents the first term for the second equation with a common difference of and respectively. The equations are then solved simultaneously: Therefore, it is proved that the solution for a 22 system of linear equations with constants that form an arithmetic sequence is always x = -1 and y = 2. However, the possibility of a 33 system exhibiting the same patterns as the previous 22 systems examined has not been discussed. Hence, this investigation will extend to 33 systems as well. Here is an 33 system: The for the first equation is 3 and the is (5-3)= 2. The for the first equation is 1 and the is (-4-1)=-5. The for the first equation is 4 and the is (7-4)=3. Gaussian Elimination method will be used. Change R3 into 4R2-R3 Change R2 into 3R2-R1 Change R3 into 23R2-17R3 The third row/R3 has all 0 which means that there is no one unique solution but infinite solutions. Therefore, in R2 We will let where k is a parameter To find other solutions, will be substituted in the other equation The solutions to this 33 system of linear equations with the pattern of constants making up an arithmetic sequence are , , and where is a parameter. Here is another 33 system: The for the first equation is 2 and the is (3-2)= 1. The for the first equation is 5 and the is (5-3)=-2. The for the first equation is -3 and the is (4-(-3))=7. The equations were put into matrix form and row reduction was done on the Graphic Design Calculator. The third row is all 0. This indicates that there is no unique solution, but infinite solutions instead. Assuming that whereby is a parameter, The solutions to this 33 system of linear equations with the pattern of constants making up an arithmetic sequence are , , and where is a parameter. Another: The for the first equation is 4 and the is (-2-4)= -6. The for the first equation is 1 and the is (5-1)=-4. The for the first equation is 2 and the is (7-2)=5. The equations were put into matrix form and row reduction was done on the Graphic Design Calculator. The third row is all 0. This indicates that there is no unique solution, but infinite solutions instead. Assuming that whereby is a parameter, The solutions to this 33 system of linear equations with the pattern of constants making up an arithmetic sequence are , , and where is a parameter. Here is another 33 system: The for the first equation is 4 and the is (-4-4)= -8. The for the first equation is 2 and the is (-1-2)=-3. The for the first equation is 6 and the is (14-6)=8. The equations were put into matrix form and row reduction was done on the Graphic Design Calculator. The third row is all 0. This indicates that there is no unique solution, but infinite solutions instead. Assuming that whereby is a parameter, The solutions to this 33 system of linear equations with the pattern of constants making up an arithmetic sequence are , , and where is a parameter. The for the first equation is 7 and the is (20-7)= 13. The for the first equation is 20 and the is (3-20)=-17. The for the first equation is 6 and the is (-5-6)= -11. The equations were put into matrix form and row reduction was done on the Graphic Design Calculator. The third row is all 0. This indicates that there is no unique solution, but infinite solutions instead. Assuming that whereby is a parameter, The solutions to this 33 system of linear equations with the pattern of constants making up an arithmetic sequence are , , and where is a parameter. From these examples, a conjecture can be made. A 33 system of equations that have constants that form an arithmetic sequence will have infinite solutions that will be in the form of , , and where is a parameter. This is proven by the general formula: Being solved by using Gaussian elimination rule: Change R3 into R3-R2 Change R2 into R2-R1 Change R3 into Change R2 into Change R3 into R3-R2 R3 has only zeroes/0. This means that there is no unique solution but infinite solutions instead. Assume whereby is a parameter, Through substitution, The solutions for this 33 system are , , and , proving the conjecture true. Other than systems of linear equations that contain arithmetic sequences, other types will be investigated. Lets consider this 2 x 2 system: In the first equation, the constants 1, 2, and 4 make up a geometric sequence whereby the first term (U1) is 1 and each consecutive term is multiplied by a common ratio (r) which in this case is 2. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U3 In the second equation, the constants 5, -1, and make up a geometric sequence whereby U1 = 5 and r = . à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U2 = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U3 The equations can be rewritten in the form of as: For the first equation, and . For the second equation, and.. The relationship between and appears to be that one is the negative reciprocal of the other. In any case, more examples of similar linear equations will be needed to thoroughly investigate the patterns. The equations will be solved by substitution: Another example: In the first equation, the constants 3, 12, and 48 make up a geometric sequence whereby the first term (U1) is 3 and each consecutive term is multiplied by r which in this case is 4. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U3 In the second equation, the constants 3, -1, and make up a geometric sequence whereby U1 = 3 and r = . à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U2 = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U3 The equations can be rewritten in the form of as: For the first equation, and . For the second equation, and.. The equations will be solved using substitution: Another example: In the first equation, the constants 7, 42, and 252 make up a geometric sequence whereby the first term (U1) is 7 and each consecutive term is multiplied by r which in this case is 6. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U3 In the second equation, the constants 2, -1, and make up a geometric sequence whereby U1 = 2 and r = . à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U2 = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ U3 The equations can be rewritten in the form of as: For the first equation, and . For the second equation, and.. The equations will be solved by using substitution: From observing all three systems, it is found that the relationship between and appears to be that one is the negative reciprocal of the other. But it can also be said that . The general formula of such equations could be written as: Whereby represents the first term for the first equation and represents the first term for the second equation with a common ratio of and respectively. The equations are then solved simultaneously: So is the result of one ratio subtracted from the other. is the product of the common ratios from both linear equations.

Adversity :: Free Essay Writer

" A man of character finds a special attractiveness in difficulty, since it is only by coming to grips with difficulty that he can realize his potentialities." -Charles DeGaulle This quote couldn't more true , even at the age of seventeen my life has been riddled with adversity. Everything from major health related problems from birth to my father being injured at work and finally my cousin dying from cancer , all have made me realize truly the strength that I possess to carry on. I have overcome and am continuing to overcome many health related issues all of which stem from birth. At birth my esophagus did not attach to my stomach and in order to correct this problem I had to undergo a major operation. This operation resulted in me needing a blood transfusion. Unfortunately in 1983 blood donors were not screened for diseases. I was one of many who contracted both hepatitis B and C. Hepatitis B was just jaundice and showed it self soon after the operation. Fortunately Hepatitis C is dormant for now , although it is thought around the age of thirty the true disease takes hold. There is always that daunting reality that eventually I will need a new liver. Another result of my stay in the hospital is my droopy eye caused by an incorrectly inserted IV. In this age of physical beauty and especially being a teenager it has been especially hard for me to not feel that I am inferior to everyone else. As a result of lack of funds my eye will have to wait to be correcte d. My father who has been out of work for three years because of a back injury that has left him in a tremendous amount of pain constantly. This has resulted in not only a financial strain on our family but also a burden of ache that tugs at me. I love my father dearly and it pains me to see him suffering. My parents are divorced and have been for some time, my father lives in California and before his injury I would visit at least two times a year for extended periods of time . Now that he is out of a job for all practical purposes my time with him has been cut to only a summer visit. This has also proved to be quite a emotional hardship , but as with everything else I have forced myself to accept it and to move on.

Public communication Ethics Case studies Essay

The International Smart Tan is a global synergetic consortium that has been committed to promoting as well as researching on responsible skin care for people who develop sunburns and tans. It teaches on methods of minimizing the risks that are associated with too little or too much sunlight (Tanning, 2008). Ultra Violet Radiation has been widely recognized as being carcinogenic thus causing various types of skin cancer. Exposure during the early years during adolescence and childhood are crucial as far as risks of skin cancers are concerned. Traditionally the major source of UVR exposures in the tanning purposes have been rays from the sun though tanning equipments have now represented amplified importance to sources of exposure mostly to the young adults and adolescents. This exposure amplifies the risks of melanoma. Most of the suns scare activists profit through marketing the distorted sun abstinence message to the public. Therefore grassroots health is the main organization that is fully committed in offering education on Vitamin D through launching a global public health campaign in order to solve the epidemic of Vitamin D deficiency. Therefore it is imperative to discuss how potter’s model is applicable in this case study, the ethical theories behind it and how I would communicate my position as far as the case study is concerned. Constant changes in the public health and the society have forced most health professionals to engage into some new roles and develop new competencies. Public health practitioners ought to be trained in order to respond to such challenges. Porter’s model of pure competition implies on the fact that the risks rates ought to be constant across industries and firms (Strategic management, 2010). His framework model assumes that industries are usually influenced by some forces. These forces are rivalry, threat of substitutes, buyer power, supplier power and threat of entry. Smart Tanning in order to pursue some advantage over its rivals had to improve on their communication strategies. They emphasized on the importance of vitamin D and its sufficient risks. They also exploited relationships with the other counterparts like the public health practitioners. As far as the buyer power is concerned, the relationship that the public have with Smart Tanning is amplifying and almost to monopsony level. Also there is a concept of supplier power as Smart tanning has some relationships with the hospitals thus suppliers are concentrated. They also face barriers because of government regulations that prompt them to offer the right information in order to uplift right health communication on causes of skin cancers and how effectively it can be solved. Strategy in Smart Tanning can be formulated on business, functional and corporate level. The business level is the major context as far as industry rivalry is concerned thus focus, differentiation and cost leadership ought to be implemented in order to create a competitive advantage. The generic strategies will help Smart Tanning to leverage its main strengths and defend on the serious effects of the forces. Some of the ethical theories that can be applied are the moral theory, utilitarian, virtue theories and others. Smart tanning has applied the utilitarian theory as it has focused on making everybody concerned and mostly the consumers happy. It has demonstrated that they have high standards when it comes to consumer education, employee training as well as the public welfare against fighting skin cancer. The moral and virtue theory has been used on the grounds that the tanning association has come with moral strategies to make sure that the public is not affected but rather are being helped. It has amplified the comprehension of professional tanning that moderates ultra-violet exposures from outdoor and indoor tanning that does recognize the manageable risks as well as benefits that are associated with the ultraviolet exposures of the light. The other is rational theory as tanning industry is quite effective on teaching about the prevention of sunburn than those who are after promoting sun avoidance. My personal take on this case study is that tanning industry is imperative as it will help in reducing skin cancers. However, there is loss of perspective that there are other psychological and physiological benefits that are also associated with sunlight that needs more research and the fact that most risks bare manageable for all people who have got the aptitude of developing a tan and for most people benefits of sun exposure do outweigh most risks that are associated with being overexposed. Also to a large extent it is crucial as smart tanning means comprehending both risks and benefits of sunlight. B. Right to Know vs. Personal Privacy (Ch. 5, Case 19, the Controversial Patriot Act) Tensions between public information and personal privacy will undoubtedly never ebb. Privacy issues do revolve on the conflict between the right of the public to know about something and the citizens’ right to keep the information to themselves (Joseph. , Robert & Lucinda, 2008, pp. 121). It is therefore crucial to give limelight to some of the controversies that emerged in the Patriot Act which most address on information sharing. The Patriot Act was initially designed in order to enhance the investigations on federal anti-terrorism. However, the opponents of the senate asserted that the changes in the Act have failed to sufficiently address on the concerns of civil liberties with the raise of provisions. Section 203 (b and d) allows for information from the criminals to be shared with the intelligence agents as well as other government’s bodies (NPR, 2010). However, the major controversy is that most critics believe that the unrestricted sharing might lead to development of intense databases on citizens who are not the main targets of crime. The supporters however assert that the provisions will enhance sharing of information within the intelligence community as well as the FBI. Section 206 (NPR, 2010) allows for the wire tap authorization in order to cover many devices and eliminates the need for court authorizations to a suspect’s PC, cell phone as well as blackberry. The critics affirm that the language in the Act might lead to violations of privacy to anybody who might come into contact with a suspect. On the other hand, the government asserts that roving wiretaps are needed in order to deal with the sophisticated technological terrorists. Section 215 allows for easy access of business records (NPR, 2010). However, the critics attack this provision saying that the law can be used to order for reading records of bookstore patrons or library. On the other hand, the supporters allege that the provision will allow the investigators in obtaining documents that are connected to terror. Section (213) allows for the sneak and peek warrants where critics aver that the provision allows for search even for minor crimes apart from the espionage and terror crimes. The supporters assert that this provision allows investigators to search houses of criminals. Porter’s five competitive forces model are to a large extent applicable in this case study. As far as entry of competitors is concerned, it is very difficult for the government to implement on the provisions and receive full support with the major controversies that are emerging in the sections of the provisions. The critics will easily continue to criticize the provisions as long as there are questionable loopholes that raise concerns on mistakes, misuse and invasion of privacy. The Patriot Act is also under threat of being substituted or implemented to another that fits every citizen if it not properly defined by the government. The bargaining power of the buyers who are public in this case is quite strong and it will be difficult for them to work together unless the provisions are changed to adapt to everybody’s preference and for the good of all. There is a strong competition and argument between the government supporters and the critics because of the barriers created by critics. One of the ethical theories that are in relation to this is the utilitarian theory which seeks the happiness of the majority. The provisions should be implemented in a way that suit everybody and brings happiness to the majority if not to all people. The controversial issues are immense as they touch on privacy concept that ought to be reinforced and respected. The other is consequentialist or teleological theory that views on what ought to be done determined by the consequences. The government should analyze on some of the effects of these provisions. The other is moral duty. Any act of rule is proper as long as it satisfies all the demands of the overriding or non consequentialist principles of morality. The deontology theory also stresses that any value of any action does lie in motives instead of the consequences. All these theories do apply the issue as the government should aim at maximizing happiness, acting morally, focus on the consequences of the actions as well as make their motives known to the public to create acceptance. As far as am concerned, under the guise of the Patriot Act and in the name of defending freedom and fighting terrorism, The Act is doing neither. It is suppressing the rights of the Americans to dissent as it gives the government power to go ahead and conduct some secret trials as well as executions. For all who seek in preserving the democracy in USA, it is vital to consider all people rationally. Defense on democracy starts at home and there ought to be realization of democracy and freedom which the Act is quite antithetical to all. Since the inception of the Act, it has been shrouded with controversies and it is fair to have a clear and closer look to the consequences of the Act. This is an Act that will abuse access of private information as no one is in a position to define what suspicious behavior constitutes. The Act is a mere unpatriotic way of limiting the civil rights, infringing on the free communication or speech, interfering with freedom and infringing the citizen’s privacy rights. C. Media Interests vs. Community Interests; Ch. 9, Case 39, Gatekeepers II: Opening the Door) The broad concept of public interest is quite familiar to most people and is usually considered as defense from media intrusion of people’s privacy under certain circumstances. Most things constitute the public interest in a vulnerable rather than what can be deemed as strong sense. Where something or an information might be seen to affect only one person, it might be in public interest incase the effect usually involves other principles that will have adverse effect on the population for example the abuse of power or a grave crime. The media do try to maximize and equalize their audiences thus livening stories which would in the long run overstep the regulation guidelines. It is therefore imperative to give some facts about Gate Keeper’s II: opening the door is concerned. This is a story about a protest and the Horowitz advertisement. It offers background on Horowitz advertisement and his main idea of running the advertisement in the college newspapers. It offers critically friendly view on the purpose of the advertisement. Horowitz happens to be a neoconservative journalist who attempted to go ahead and publish an advertisement entitled â€Å"ten reasons why reparations for slavery are a bad idea for black people and racist too†. Most college newspapers like Columbia and Harvard rejected the advertisement since the editors thought it was racist and offensive. The newspapers pointed out on the fact that they were not in any position to accept all advertisers who are in a position to buy an advertisement. Few newspapers ran the advertisement and only the University of Chicago ran the advertisement without much hostility (Anthony, 2001). Most people view the rejection of the advertisement as evidence of a politically correct censorship in the American campuses but others have aired concerns on freedom of expression in USA. Some of the ethical theories that Horowitz should have focused on are virtue and moral theories that entails of behaving ethically without attacking any race. He should have also focused on utilitarianism theory to make sure he writes something that will bring maximum happiness to the majority. In my view, the Horowitz argument and essay was quite offensive to some extent. This is not because it was racist but he doesn’t deny on the fact that slavery did occur or Africans who were enslaved were seriously wronged. He attempts to set an argument purportedly ascertain on which groups did benefit from the slavery and how they did. He contends that Blacks benefited from the slavery. His arguments are to a certain extent offensive as his contention that the blacks benefited from slavery reduces the slavery wrongs. Also the argument that the blacks would be better in America than they would be in Africa sounds almost like justifying the brutal kidnappings on grounds the victim’s children might end up in countries with high living standard. References Indoor tanning: Smart tan. 2008. Retrieved 23, Aug 2010< http://www. tanningtruth. com/index. php/indoor_tanning/ Porter’s five forces. 2010. Strategic management. Retrieved 23, Aug, 2010 http://www. quickmba. com/strategy/porter. shtml Sebok, Anthony. 2001. The Horowitz slavery AD controversy, and the problem with conceptualizing human rights violations as property based. Retrieved 23, Aug, 2010< http://writ. news. findlaw. com/sebok/20010326. html Straubhaar, Joseph. , LaRose, Robert & Davenport, Lucinda. 2008. Media now: Understanding media, culture and technology. USA: Cengage Learning The Patriot Act : Key controversies. 2010. Retrieved, 23, Aug 2010< http://www. npr. org/news/specials/patriotact/patriotactdeal. html

The Story Cinderella Through a Marxist’s Eye

In a Marxist view, a capitalistic society equates economic status to social status. The story of Cinderella by Charles Perrault highlights a number of these views. Cinderella’s stepfamily longingly desired to keep their social standing. They are willing to but Cinderella into poverty by making her their slave. By doing so, they ensure their social and economic standing. The prince has a similar need to keep his high-class standing but requires a bride to maintain these necessities. The prince reaches his goal by marrying Cinderella to create a possible heir to his throne. Cinderella’s stepfamily and the prince sustain their economic power by upholding their social status. In a capitalistic society, there is a dependency on having a lower class in order to maintain the higher class. Since Cinderella’s stepfamily has a lot of money and she has nothing, they maintain their economic status by demoting her to slavery. In the beginning of the fairy tale after her mother dies, her father remarries to maintain his economic status. Cinderella is unfortunate when soon after his death she is plunged into poverty. Throughout the story, her stepfamily continues to live in luxury while keeping Cinderella in squalor. While her stepsisters slept in expensive beds and were dressed in lavish fashions, Cinderella had to sleep in a bed made of straw and wear old dirty rags. The stepmother requires Cinderella to be kept in poverty in order to maintain their economic and social status. Cinderella will never have the chance to rise to the higher class since she does not earn any money. Unless someone existing in the higher class takes her out of her poverty, she will continue to exist within the lower class. In this time period, people were defined within society by how much money they acquired. The prince’s social standing of being in the ruling class is also dependent on economic wealth. In order for his family to stay in power he needs to have an heir to the throne. He hosts an extravagant ball at his castle to find a suitable bride and all the ladies in the town were invited to attend. Cinderella wanted eagerly to go the ball, but knew she was not wealthy enough to look the part. Cinderella is fortunate enough to have help from a supernatural force, called her fairy godmother, to transform her into appearing like she was from the high-class society. Her beauty was so intriguing that the prince fell in love the moment he looked at her. Once he finds Cinderella from the help of his servants, she is pulled out of slavery and into the ruling class. The prince enables his family to maintain their economic and social status by marrying Cinderella. He now will have an heir to the throne and his family will be preserved in the royal society. The struggle between the higher and lower classes of society is prominent within Marxism. Charles Perrault highlights this ideology in the fairytale of Cinderella. Cinderella’s stepfamily wants to keep their maintain their economic and social standing. They make Cinderella their slave and instantly plunge her into poverty. Their economic standing is ensured as soon as she is put the lower class. The prince similarly keeps his social standing when he finds a bride. The prince and Cinderella get married therefore maintain his economic and social status and ultimately creating a possible heir to his throne. In the story Cinderella economic status is ensured through differences in social statuses. Marxist views uphold this society and therefore capitalism is sustained.

Writing Essay Topics Use Any Opportunity to Achieve Perfection!

Writing Essay Topics Use Any Opportunity to Achieve Perfection! There are two things that any educated person knows: the Earth turns round and students write essays. Of course, you know that being a student presupposes writing numerous essays. Sometimes students are not ready for such a task. Do you know how you can be ready to write a successful essay? You should devote several minutes to writing essay topics for your future possible papers. Writing essay topics beforehand: is it possible? Of course, it is possible to write essay topics beforehand. You are likely to know what any course is about and what major points you are going to discuss. Well, you can start your study with compiling a helpful list of possible topics. Thus, you can start writing essay topics in several ways. You can read the content of your manual and choose some most interesting topics. During the course you may come across many exciting topics. You read various additional sources where you can find numerous outstanding ideas and continue writing essay topics in your list. Finally, when you are given assignments you can have many interesting ideas for your future researches and you can continue writing essay topics list. Writing essay topics: how to use it? Well, this is the easiest question. When you have several ready topics, you can just choose any of them for your essay. Writing essay topics: is it helpful? Writing essay topics gives you several advantages: It saves your time. When you have limited time for fulfilling some task, every minute can be decisive. It keeps you from stresses. You do not have to worry: you already have topics for your researches. It brings you joy. You write down topics which can be interesting to you.

Free Essays on European Union

The political institution I have chosen for analysis is the European Union. My primary focus, area of research, and basic thesis is on the effect that the European Union has had on unity among its member states as well as Europe on the whole. It is my contention, supported by my research, that the inception of the European Union as an institutional system of collective governance of the region has led to a greater unity for member states and throughout Europe. By identifying certain trends I will show that there is reason to believe that the EU will gain a greater significance in both European and World politics, and that the current trends towards unity and integration will continue in the future. I will begin with some background information on the development of the European Union. The EU was established at the conclusion of the Second World War. The U.S. sponsored Marshall Plan of 1947 is commonly referred to as the precursor for the inter-state cooperation that led to the European Union. The plan was established as a financial aid in rebuilding Europe post World War II, and was also laced with U.S. hopes to create some element of cohesion between the nations of Europe to prevent future armed conflict. It was with this concept in mind that on May 9 1950 France officially proposed to create â€Å"the first concrete foundation of a European federation.† In response, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France formed the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951, which resulted in a pool of Europe’s coal and steel industries. In my view, this is the first step toward European unity as a result of the forthcoming European Union. In 1957, the same six nations formed a joint atomic-energy group to create the European Economic Community (EEC) to remove tariff barriers between them-yet another example of early movements toward unity as a result of the soon to be European Union. Ten years later, in 1967, the E... Free Essays on European Union Free Essays on European Union The EU, Cultural Diversity, and the Death Penalth European Union The European Union’s influence in world affairs is on the increase. The process of integration, the launch of the euro and the progressive development of a common foreign policy are all providing the European Union with political and diplomatic status to match its undoubted economic and commercial clout. The European Union is currently engaged in its most ambitious enlargement ever. The aim is to reunite the European continent and thus to consolidate peace and democracy and enable its peoples to share benefits of progress and welfare generated by European integration. Pamphlet The European Union has many different cultures that are included under it’s name. Although there is much cultural diversity, the European Union tries to keep and maintain common goals and values while at the same time having each country keep it’s own distinct and personal identity. In Spring 1997 nearly 8 in 10 EU citizens held the view that it is a good thing for any society to be made up of people from different races, religions, and cultures. The idea of citizenship also implies a shared cultural identity. We often read or hear about how individualistic our society has become. Yet survey results indicate that Europeans are still very interested in their fellow citizens. More than 9 in 10 EU citizens feel that it is extremely or very important to help others and to value people for who they are. Furthermore, more than 8 in 10 Europeans believe it is important to be involved in creating a better society. These societal values are strong in each of the 15 member states. This concern for the respect of human rights worldwide is matched by renewed efforts to prevent any deterioration of standards inside the Union itself. This is partly being achieved through a charter of fundamental rights to provide a comprehensive code of common values with the ... Free Essays on European Union The political institution I have chosen for analysis is the European Union. My primary focus, area of research, and basic thesis is on the effect that the European Union has had on unity among its member states as well as Europe on the whole. It is my contention, supported by my research, that the inception of the European Union as an institutional system of collective governance of the region has led to a greater unity for member states and throughout Europe. By identifying certain trends I will show that there is reason to believe that the EU will gain a greater significance in both European and World politics, and that the current trends towards unity and integration will continue in the future. I will begin with some background information on the development of the European Union. The EU was established at the conclusion of the Second World War. The U.S. sponsored Marshall Plan of 1947 is commonly referred to as the precursor for the inter-state cooperation that led to the European Union. The plan was established as a financial aid in rebuilding Europe post World War II, and was also laced with U.S. hopes to create some element of cohesion between the nations of Europe to prevent future armed conflict. It was with this concept in mind that on May 9 1950 France officially proposed to create â€Å"the first concrete foundation of a European federation.† In response, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France formed the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951, which resulted in a pool of Europe’s coal and steel industries. In my view, this is the first step toward European unity as a result of the forthcoming European Union. In 1957, the same six nations formed a joint atomic-energy group to create the European Economic Community (EEC) to remove tariff barriers between them-yet another example of early movements toward unity as a result of the soon to be European Union. Ten years later, in 1967, the E...

Bipolar Disorder Role of Nursing Profession in Care

Bipolar Disorder Role of Nursing Profession in Care With the increasing incidence and prevalence of mental disabilities like bipolar disorders in Australia (Geller. B, DelBello. M, 2008). the nursing profession will have to attain the knowledge and skills required to care for individuals who have bipolar disorder via a multidisciplinary approach across all nursing settings; acute care, aged care, specialist mental health and community settings. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines disability as â€Å"The inability to engage in any substantial, gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death, or has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months† (World Health Organization, 2010). The term disability is such a broad term, where generally an individual suffering from a disability is known to suffer either mentally or physically. Bipolar disorder is a mental disorder that affects an individual’s psyc hological or behavioural patterns and is known to have a long-term affect upon an individual. The Australian Psychology Society, a leader in providing information in regards to mental health issues to the public, defines â€Å"Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, [as] a mental illness that seriously affects the way a person acts, thinks and feels. It is generally characterised by a cycle of mood swings between elation and depression, varying from mild to extreme. Extreme elation is called ‘mania’ † (The Australian Psychology Society, 2010). Bipolar is the sixth leading cause of disability among illnesses and is associated with both high mortality and morbidity costs (Geller. B, DelBello. M, 2008). It affects one in fifty Australians, where gender and age characteristics do not influence the disorder to predominantly affect one of these specific groups (Better Health Channel, 2010). There are a range of factors that contribute to the disorder, w here genetics, biology, lifestyle and environmental factors can all play a role in the development of the disorder (The Australian Psychology Society, 2010). Some of which are explored below: Although the underlying mechanisms have not been extensively researched and proven, research has identified that there is a strong genetic predisposition (Better Health Channel, 2010). Research has shown that â€Å"relatives of people suffering from bipolar illness are 10 to 20 times more likely to develop either depression or manic-depressive illness than the general population† (Bipolar Genetics Collaboration, 2005). One biological theory that has originated suggests that â€Å"brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) that help regulate mood, called serotonin and nor-epinephrine are thrown out of balance†, therefore it can trigger and cause an episode of mania followed by depression (Better Health Channel, 2010). Research has shown that environmental factors can also have an impact o n an individual’s susceptibility of developing the disorder. Some evidence suggests that â€Å"this disorder varies seasonally, with mania being more common in spring and depression more prevalent in winter† (The Australian Psychology Society, 2010). Other literature suggests that childhood trauma can contribute to an individual obtaining bipolar disorder (Etain et al, 2008). Lifestyle factors can also exacerbate bipolar disorder and cause an individual to be more susceptible to developing it later in life. Bipolar disorder events of mania and depression can be triggered by the stressors in one’s life where each individual has their own triggers for such events (The Australian Psychology Society, 2010)

Environment and Sustainable Development Assignment - 1

Environment and Sustainable Development - Assignment Example This ensures that all life forms are equitably taken care of and extinction of certain species is eluded (Williamson 12) . Assist the government and corporations as well as the public to make strides in utilization and full beneficial access from natural resources. By doing so they ensure that there are maximum use and colossal benefits from the environment mutually. The role of environmentalist relates to the various techniques taught in class such as botanical and zoological conservation methods to delve into the core role of environmental conservation. Subsequently, every approach was undertaken in class in terms of practical work links in unison to the practical approach undertaken by environmentalists. The interview conducted involved an expert in the environmental field. Name; Contact no: The main method of interview used was question and answer and from the results achieved the report was written. Preceding the tour of an environmental based scene/ zone it was evident that conservation of the species was paramount among all (the basis of our class topics-conservation of an environment). Furthermore, there was clear evidence of improvement in the sustainability of the environment in various ways such as aquariums of indigenous fish species as a way of protecting them.  Ã‚  

Human Resources Managment - Challenges and Changes Essay

Human Resources Managment - Challenges and Changes - Essay Example As the paper highlights, let us now discuss the factors that determine the recruitment of the in-demand employees. The demand analysis is done to identify the future demands in the organization and accordingly consider the recruitment functions. There are two ways to consider the recruitment of in-demand employees. The first way is to determine the requirements through environmental scanning and understanding the external trends and secondly, by studying the internal factors of the organization such as the business operation functions, technology or strategic objectives. After determining the how and what of the future tasks, the in-demand employees are recruited. Another issue that is often seen in health care industry nowadays is reorganizing, reengineering and restructuring. It does have a major impact on the health care workforce within the organization. The effect in this industry is considered as ripple-down effect. The human resource are enforced to manage their duties with th e stipulated resources, decrease the cost by eliminating wastage and inefficiencies, highlight their competencies on preventing diseases and health issues, and improve the quality of their services. However, all these changes in the framework require quick adaptation of the new roles and qualities. Restructuring is done to eliminate medical errors, staffing development in the health care, etc. It has been seen that the organizations including the health care industry often downsize to reduce their internal cost. The best example was seen in the global financial crisis. However, the question is that, does it save the organization or its money in any case or proves to be fatal for the organization.  

Drosophila Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Drosophila - Essay Example Mutant flies, with fault in any of numerous thousand genes are presented, and the entire genome has lately been sequenced. The drosophila egg is about mm long. It takes about one day after fertilisation for the embryo to grow and emerge into a worm-like larva. The larva eats and develops constantly, moulting one day, two days, and four days after hatching (first, second and third instars). After two days as a third instar larva, it moults one more time to form a motionless pupa. Over the next four days, the body is totally altered to give the adult winged form, which then hatches from the pupal case and is prolific within about 12 hours. Drosophila is so admired; it would be nearly unfeasible to list the number of effects that are being done with it. Initially, it was mainly used in genetics, for example to learn that genes were associated to proteins and to learn the rules of genetic legacy. More lately, it is used mainly in developmental biology, stare to see how a multifaceted organism arises from a comparatively simple fertilised egg. Embryonic development is where most of the concentration is determined, but there is also a great deal of attention in how a variety of adult formation develop in the pupa, mainly purposeful on the development of the complex eye, but also on the wings, legs and other organs. Mutation analysis Mutation analysis is a pre-eminent investigation too in modern biology. In broad, new mutations are produced and monitor to recognize genes that influence a biological trait of attention. The goal is to recognize the fundamental genes domineering trait manifestation and the role of these genes in the progression. Mutations in D. melanogaster have recognized genes that can raise longevity. In all cases, identical DNA (P elements) was used to encourage the mutations. When a P constituent moves and reinserts itself in another place in the genome it can cause a mutation. As disparate to transgenic over expression, all of the mutations illustrated reduce the expression of, or completely inactivate, precise genes. The first D. melanogaster longevity-extension mutation was in the Methuselah (mth) gene (Lin et al. 1998). The mth alteration results in incomplete loss of function of the gene and widen longevity by 35 percent. The mth gene generates a protein, most probably a G protein--coupled receptor, that fit in to a family of proteins related with a range of functions in higher organisms together with endocrinology, neurology, and reaction to external incentive. The recognized G protein product of the mth gene is not analogous to any of the G proteins of known function in other organisms, and thus the precise function of the mth gene is not compulsory by comparison with other organisms. There is evidence that the mth gene plays a role in regulation of neuromuscular neurotransmitter function (Song et al. 2001). Again, neuromuscular function might be particularly significant for aging and longevity. The mt/i mutation resulted in improved stress resistance (Lin et al. 1998), and the mutant flies were roughly one-third larger than controls. Mutant flies were significantly more resistant to malnourishment,

Global economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Global economy - Essay Example Nevertheless, the end of 2010 was marked with the U.S.’s decision to throw additional money into the domestic economy, to encourage economic growth and slow down the economic downturn. Controversial and radical, the decision to apply to quantitative easing became one of the most actively discussed issues in economics. That quantitative easing has far-reaching implications for the domestic and global economy cannot be denied, but its role in the development and expansion of the positive economic growth is yet to be defined. At the end of 2010, the Central Bank of America announced its decision to pump up additional $600bn into the domestic economy (Elliott & Inman 2010). The decision to use quantitative easing mechanisms was justified by the failure of the American federal authorities and the Fed to accelerate economic growth, encourage lending, and reduce unemployment (Elliott & Inman 2010). It should be noted, that the past recession became the worst economic downturn in Amer ica and the rest of the world since the Great Depression (Elliott & Inman 2010). As a result, traditional instruments of economic recovery failed to improve the situation. Quantitative decision for the U.S. was similar to the instrument of last resort, when there is nothing else the Fed can do to alleviate the burden of economic problems within the country. As part of its strategy, the Fed would purchase long-term Treasury bills every month, until the middle of the year, totaling to $75bn (Elliott & Inman 2010). The United States claims that quantitative easing is simply inevitable, when the state wants to preserve â€Å"ultra-low† interest rates for an extended period, thus keeping the amount of the borrowing costs unchanged for at least two years (Elliott & Inman 2010). The principal intentions of quantitative easing are but positive. The reality, however, is not as bright as economic theory tries to create it. Even if quantitative easing has a potential to support relative stability in the U.S., it may have damaging and even fracturing effects on the global economy. It should be noted, that economic theory treats quantitative easing as â€Å"the central bank’s asset purchases that are designed to inject money directly into the economy to raise asset prices, boost spending and so keep inflation on track to meet the 2% target† (Ganley 2010). The most probable sources of additional assets for the Central Bank include â€Å"insurance companies, banks and non-financial institutions, pension funds and firms† (Ganley 2010). Such injections directly into the economy are justified by the rapid contractions in the amount of spending that follow global financial crises (Ganley 2010). More often than not, quantitative easing is used to stop price deflation and encourage real output (Ganley 2010). The history of quantitative easing dates back to the beginning of the 1990s, when Japan found itself in the midst of a deep economic and financial crisis (Kurihara 2006). â€Å"The development and implementation of the zero interest policy had to encourage economic recovery but did not produce any real effect on the economic development in the country† (Kurihara 2006). Quantitative easing was introduced to initiate long-term economic growth in Japan. Unfortunately, and after so many years of economic recovery and growth in Japan, whether quantitative easi

Childhood Obesity in the United Kingdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Childhood Obesity in the United Kingdom - Essay Example The government has noted the ever-increasing trend in childhood. They have hence come up with a policy that will aid in reversing the trend. In the past 25 years, childhood obesity in the United Kingdom has shown a great increase in the childhood obesity cases. The statistics posit that 33% of the girls between two to nineteen years are obese, while 25% of the boys within the same age limit falls victims too. Most significantly, the condition has led to harmful effects, making the country consume over two billion pounds in policies formulation and implementation. Additionally, the condition had led to the reduction in life expectancy among children by nine years. The number is even projected to rise. England has the highest cases of obesity compared to the United States of America. The survey conducted shows that Wales and Scotland have remained the leading countries in childhood obesity rates. The rising trend has caught the attention of the government. It has declared corporate soc ial responsibility as the final solution to the statistics reduction (Iacobucci, 2014).  The study done by Fraser & Edwards (2010), reveals that diverse reasons related to the environment, lifestyle, diet, socioeconomic status, and genetics encapsulates the causes of childhood obesity. The modern environment plays a great role in the determination of child growth. First, the prevalence of advertisements promoting unhealthy food consumption has been on rising. Besides, the activities within the child environmental growth area cut down physical activity and exercises adoption. Food consumption spearheads the obesity physiology, with consumption of food rich in calories and saturated fats. Furthermore, with the escalation in the concept of globalization and advanced technology, there is the adoption of a tendency to live sedentary lifestyles: more time in watching television and computer games.

The Statement of Principles terminated on 30 June 2013. The UK Essay

The Statement of Principles terminated on 30 June 2013. The UK Government has proposed a new programme, including a new mechanis - Essay Example The fishing industry offers employment to around 250,000 people in Indonesia and thus, with this tsunami there were a number of people that lost their jobs3. Tsunami not only has resulted in the death of local people in Indonesia, but there were a number of tourists from different parts of the world especially from Europe that came under the fire as well. Around 9,000 foreign tourists were dead in this flood, and most of these tourists were from European countries4. However, there is little that the government can do in such a catastrophic situation. Although there are certain techniques and strategies that the government can take in order to reduce the impact of these floods such as Stormguard Flood-plan can be implemented in order to be better prepared for such situations as well as to reduce the impact of such disasters5. Similarly, there have been floods in United Kingdom as well. Although the disasters were not as high as Indian Ocean tsunami but still a large number of people l ost their lives. North Sea flood is the worst flood that has occurred in United Kingdom6. North Sea flood occurred on 31st January, 1953 and a number of areas were affected including Belgium, Scotland, Netherlands and England7. The causalities because of the North Sea flood were equaled to 2,142 including 354 people that lost their lives in United Kingdom alone8. ... Thus, it badly affected the economic situation of the country. The damage estimated was around  ?5,000 which if compared in today’s monetary terms would be equal to ?740,00010. The London School Of Economics has announced and warned about flood risk in Britain. According to the research conducted by the school Britain is a highly risky area because of the changes in climate along with the continuous development in floodplains for both residential as well as commercial properties. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment have conducted research and published the paper. They have also been consulted by the British Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)11. Therefore, this paper has raised concerns and risks for people that are buying and investing properties. In order to overcome this issue and concerns of the public, the Association of British Insurers (ABI) along with the natio nal government has come up with the Memorandum Of Understanding (MoU) which is known as Flood Re. This Memorandum Of Understanding (MoU) has been signed between the government, and the carriers and on the basis of this MoU, a non-profit or a not-for-profit flood fund has been developed12. Association Of British Insurers (ABI) is an important company in the insurance industry as it has more than 90% of the market share in the United Kingdom insurance market13. The basic idea of this Flood Re is to offer a cap flood insurance premium for the property owners. This insurance premium will be according to the value of the properties. Moreover, this fund will offer insurance to people that are at a higher risk for flood

Childhood Obesity in the United Kingdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Childhood Obesity in the United Kingdom - Essay Example The government has noted the ever-increasing trend in childhood. They have hence come up with a policy that will aid in reversing the trend. In the past 25 years, childhood obesity in the United Kingdom has shown a great increase in the childhood obesity cases. The statistics posit that 33% of the girls between two to nineteen years are obese, while 25% of the boys within the same age limit falls victims too. Most significantly, the condition has led to harmful effects, making the country consume over two billion pounds in policies formulation and implementation. Additionally, the condition had led to the reduction in life expectancy among children by nine years. The number is even projected to rise. England has the highest cases of obesity compared to the United States of America. The survey conducted shows that Wales and Scotland have remained the leading countries in childhood obesity rates. The rising trend has caught the attention of the government. It has declared corporate soc ial responsibility as the final solution to the statistics reduction (Iacobucci, 2014).  The study done by Fraser & Edwards (2010), reveals that diverse reasons related to the environment, lifestyle, diet, socioeconomic status, and genetics encapsulates the causes of childhood obesity. The modern environment plays a great role in the determination of child growth. First, the prevalence of advertisements promoting unhealthy food consumption has been on rising. Besides, the activities within the child environmental growth area cut down physical activity and exercises adoption. Food consumption spearheads the obesity physiology, with consumption of food rich in calories and saturated fats. Furthermore, with the escalation in the concept of globalization and advanced technology, there is the adoption of a tendency to live sedentary lifestyles: more time in watching television and computer games.

Bus Reservation System Essay Example for Free

Bus Reservation System Essay Traveling is a large growing business in Pakistan and other countries. Bus reservation system deals with maintenance of records of details of each passenger who had reserved a seat for a journey. It also includes maintenance of information like schedule and details of each bus. We observed the working of the Bus reservation system and after going through it, we get to know that there are many operations, which they have to do manually. It takes a lot of time and causes many errors. Due to this, sometimes a lot of problems occur and they were facing many disputes with customers. To solve the above problem, and further maintaining records of items, seat availability for customers, price of per seat, bill generation and other things, we are offering this proposal of reservation system. By using this software, we can reserve tickets from any part of the world, via internet. This project provides and checks all sorts of constraints so that user does give only useful data and thus validation is done in an effective way. 2. INTRODUCTION Our project is to computerize traveling company to manage data, so that all the transactions become fast and there should not be any error in transaction like calculation mistake, bill generation and other things. It replaces all the paper work. It keeps records of all bills also, giving to ensure 100% successful implementation of the computerized Bus reservation system. Our reservation system has three modules. First module helps the customer to enquire the availability of seats in a particular bus at particular date. Second module helps him to reserve a ticket. Using third module he can cancel a reserved ticket. 3. SYSTEM STUDY System study aims at establishing requests for the system to be acquired, development and installed. It involves studying and analyzing the ways of an organization currently processing the data to produce information. Analyzing the problem thoroughly forms the vital part of the system study. In system analysis, prevailing situation of problem is carefully examined by breaking them into sub problems. Problematic areas are identified and information is collected. Data gathering is essential to any analysis of requests. It is necessary that this analysis familiarizes the designer with objectives, activities and the function of the organization in which the system is to be implemented. 3.1. Study of existing system * Existing system is totally on book and thus a great amount of manual work has to be done. The amount of manual work increases exponentially with increase in bus services. * Needs a lot of working staff and extra attention on all the records. * In existing system, there are various problems like keeping records of items, seats available, prices of per/seat and fixing bill generation on each bill. * Finding out details regarding any information is very difficult, as the user has to go through all the books manually. * Major problem was the lack of security.

Social Construction of Gender Essay

Social Construction of Gender Essay Heteronormativity is the cultural bias or the view that puts clear boundary between male and female, which emphasizes normal sexual and romantic relationship between two genders. As freshmen in college, I have a friend name Joe whom I did not expect him to be gay. At first, I thought it was impossible him to be gay. But as he began to have boyfriend, I began to see people around them and the society viewed him as abnormal and weird. For example, his parents told him to be straight in order to emphasize about being normal. There are social boundaries to people who are not straight and the society encourages people to be Heteronormative. Therefore, Heteronormativity is a fixed view about living and having normal thoughts about sexuality and gender role. Prompt 1: Gender Construction in our society Gender Identity can be defined by the way people act as a male and female, which males have different sets of mind about something that females do not. Even though man and woman have difference in physical part, People learn more about their gender identity through experiences since their childhoods to until they get old. There are many biological differences in both men and women, but it does not have impact on how gender shapes in peoples lives. If gender did not exist in our society, I am pretty sure there would be gender confusion where many females would be considered as male, and many males would be considered as females. There are many sociocultural factors that have influenced on gender role. Since the social construction of gender is mainly formed by the gender rule and stereotype in our society, gender identity is constructed by the representation of gender norms in mass media productions, parental expectations about gender identity, and the beliefs of different religious t raditions about gender. In todays society, Mass Media Production like movie, video games, and magazines influenced so many young males and females and also some older people. For example in the movie clips Miss Representation(2010) , clearly portrays how women should act around people and in society. In the movie Miss Representation, the women are shown as sexually explicit figure toward the audiences and also emphasize how women should look like in order to satisfy gender role. Because many women are shown in negative way for most of time, people actually think that women are exactly like in the movie or magazines, which is not true. This movie was trying to say that people are heavily influenced by media. All of people watch TV every single day, and many of them enjoy watching movie. By watching them, they unconsciously think about the actors or models and form their gender roles. In the reading Breaking the Model, the author said I wanted to be popular, like the typical girl o n TV. I wanted to be thin- to fit in. (Rodriguez, CP 54). Due to the fact that many of women want to look sexy, beautiful, and thin, they see the model as their dream and it motivates them to be like them, which could cause in eating disorder and depression. They desire to fit into certain group of the society in order to feel good and superior about themselves. On the other hand, the producers of media know what teens like and purposefully make media productions that appeal to them. Finally, the media gradually forms peoples thoughts about their genders by emphasizing that they should look like them. The social construction of gender is caused by the expectation of people and the way society view people. Since the childhood, everyone received certain expectations from their parents and relatives to be either grown up as normal masculine male and feminine female. In the reading from Night to His Day, it said that In social interaction throughout their lives, individuals learn what i s expected, see what is expected, act and react in expected way, and thus simultaneously construct and maintain the gender order. (Lorber, CP 14). Unlike media effect on gender identity, children learn their behaviors and form their minds by listening to their parents and other people. For example, some boys learn to be male by playing tough sports like football. Additionally, girls learn to be female by imitating the way their mothers dress and act. It would be weird for people to act in unexpected way and might result in isolation from the family and the society. In the reading Why Boys Dont Play With Dolls, it said that a girl with a doll and a boy with truck explain why men are from Mars and women are from Venus, why wives do housework and husbands just dont understand (Pollitt, CP 18). Since childhood, we modeled our parents and acted according to what they told us to do. There are gender rules which states that male has to act in certain way and female has to act in another w ay. Because gender stereotype and expectations existed and people kept acting in expected way for long period of time, people were able to form gender identity by modeling and following their ancestors. All of these would demonstrate how our social norms have big impact on gender expectations for people. Lastly, religious view toward gender would form the social construction of gender and could lead to discrimination about gender, especially toward female. As right now, there are few countries where sexism is still going on against women due to the cultural and religious view among people. In many countries, Women are treated differently than men in various ways. For example in the reading Night to His Day, the author wrote that In societies that create the greatest gender difference, such as Saudi Arabia, women are kept out of sight behind walls or veils, have no civil rights, and often create a cultural and emotional world of their own (Bernard 1981) ( Lorber CP, 15). Because Sau di Arabia had this belief for long time, the people just think this as religious belief that came from their parents or ancestors. In most of countries, women are seen as weak and emotional through religious belief that was viewed by the society, which lead to certain type of gender identity. Many of religious belief like Catholic and Muslim emphasized about transgender and homosexuality. According to religious belief of Catholic, it emphasizes people not to change their gender through surgical treatment and marrying a same gender. If they disobey the rule of religion, they would lose respect from other people and feel they are not worthy enough to believe in that religion by the fact they did not follow the gender rule in society. It is important to understand that people have high tendency to conform among groups, and it would result in following normal cultural and religious belief toward gender identity and role. Gender is mainly formed by our social construction and each indivi dual is impacted by people and objects they encounter every day in their lives. It is not possible to just form our gender based on body difference between men and women because it does not do anything to our mind and habits. As people grow up from childhood, they begin to actually see how it feels to be fit into the right gender identity group through media production they encounter, expectations from other people that caused from gender stereotype, and religious value of each country. Therefore, I strongly agree that the sociocultural experiences have huge impact on individuals gender identity through the gender rule and gender stereotype.

Comparative Mythology: What Similarities and Differences Between Mythos

The Greeks and the Norse are the two sectors of humanity most well known for their mythologies. Both countries have vastly different climates, the Greek were flourishing with their fertile Mediterranean soil and during the country’s prime it was considered a paradisical society. The Norse, however, were stuck with frigid stubborn land and short growing seasons. This is reflected in both mythologies as Greek Mythology, while still explaining heavy subjects such as death and illness, had a much more cheery feel compared to the constantly brooding Norse Gods. The Greek creation myth begin with Chaos a veil of nothingness that surrounds the entire universe. Chaos is also surrounded by an unending stream of water ruled by Oceanus. The goddess Eurynome came out of the stream and with the help with of Ophion, a snake of the North Wind she gave birth to Eros. With the joy of her child she danced upon the waves of Oceanus’ stream making the land and populating it with diverse creatures. Three of these creatures were the Moirae the three sisters of fate who assign men’s birth, destiny, and death. Also born out of Chaos was Gaia, the goddess of the Earth; Ouranus, the god of the sky; Tatarus, the god of the underworld. Gaia and Ouranus had six sets of titan twins and six other monstrous children. Ouranus banished the cyclopes and giants to Tartarus which made Gaia furious. Gaia then called on her Titan children for help exacting her revenge. Only Cronus offered to help cut his father into pieces using a sickle. Cronus then had six children with Rhea, his sister. He proceeded to eat each of these children in paranoia that they were to overthrow him. Rhea, however tricked him of eating Zeus by giving him a rock instead. Zeus then grew up o... ...led an axis mundis and is â€Å"an imaginary vertical axis running as a center pole from the zenith of the sky through the ground, uniting heaven, Earth, and the Underworld.† (p.516, Rogers). The two examples of this are Bifrost and Yggdrasil, the second of which might represent how important plant life is to the Nords as if Yggdrasil were to die the apocalypse would erupt.Norse believe that the Titan, Ymir, had to die for Earth’s creation, while the Greeks believe that the Earth was created by Eurynome simply bounding on the ocean. This may further reflect the ease in which crops grow in the origins of the mythos. Works Cited  Rogers, Eugene F, Jr. Theology and Secuality: Classic and Contemporary Readings. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 2002. Print. Myers, Nicole. Comparisons of Creation Myths. Seminole State College of Florida. 19 Feb. 2009. Web. 20 May 2014.

Schizophrenia :: Schizophrenics Psychiatry Disorder

Schizophrenia is not a single disease, but a broad category of mental illnesses. Schizophrenia is a psychiatry disorder where several structural disturbances occur in the brain. It normally takes place in the temporal and frontal lobes, changing the neural systems and affecting the neurotransmitters in charge of controlling the functioning that takes place in these areas. It is not a structural brain disease that shows up early on X-rays CAT scans, or EEGs. Schizophrenics also have defects in the handling of amino acids. Schizophrenia usually affects men while they are young and women later in their lives. Schizophrenia often starts out very slowly and progresses to a severely disabling mental illness. Early Schizophrenics tend to experience spontaneous dream like episodes with material that resembles art, myth poetry, and B-movies. Many Patients also show negative symptoms, such as decreased emotional arousal, mental activity, and social drive. Schizophrenia is often confused with split personality, but it is not the same, Though in reality schizophrenia means â€Å"split mind†. Many scientists believe there are four types of schizophrenia. First of all there is the simple or â€Å"undifferentiated† type, which is characterized by a gradual reduction in the external relations and interests. Next there is the â€Å"hebephrenic† or disorganized type, it is characterized by delusions and false perceptions. Then there is the â€Å"catatonic† type in which there is a state of inactivity and striking motor skills. Last there is the â€Å"paranoid† type which usually arises later in life, which is associated with illogical thinking, delusions of persecution ,or of grandeur. While these four specific types have not been universally accepted, it is the approach most commonly accepted by most psychiatrists. Schizophrenia crosses all socioeconomic, cultural, and racial boundaries. Different theories of the beginning of schizophrenia have centered on anatomical, biochemical, psychological, social, genetic, and environmental cause. The general view is that the schizophrenic types of reaction result from faulty adjustments to a variety of underlying conditions that may be either physical or psychological, or both. Treatments for schizophrenia may include replacing food with ENF, fortified with higher than usual intake of vitamins such as B1, B3, B6, B12, and mineral intake.

Imperialism in Africa

Explain what is meant by the term imperialism. Discuss the causes of imperialism in the 1800s. Kamar Findlay ID# 092165839 Mico University College Imperialism in Africa Mrs. Pitter October 29, 2011 Imperialism is â€Å"the creation and or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination† (Johnston, 2000. p. 375). In its simplest form Farah and Karls (2001) describes imperialism as one country’s domination of the political, economical and social life of another country.The Europeans imperialism during the 1800s occurs out of the advantages of strong economies, well organized governments and powerful armies and navies. ‘Superior technology including riverboats and telegraph, as well as improved medical knowledge also played a part’ (Esler et al 2009. p. 752). Advances such as the Maxim Machines Guns and steam driven warships were very st rong signals in persuading the Africans and Asian to accept European domination. European imperialism did not begin in the 1800s. European states have had empires in the Americas after 1492 and in South Asia and China.Imperialism has been found in the histories of Japan, the Assyrian Empire, the Chinese Empire, the Roman Empire, Greece, the Persian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire, ancient Egypt, and India and was a basic component in the conquest of weaker state. According to Smith (1998) the word itself, derived from the Latin verb imperare (to command), the Roman concept of imperium, while the actual term ‘Imperialism' was coined in the 16th century, reflecting what are now seen as the imperial policies of Belgium, Britain, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain in Africa, Asia, and the Americas.Imperialism not only describes colonial and territorial policies, but also economic and/or military dominance and influence. From about 1870 to 1914, imperialist gain control ov er much of the world. Leading the way were the soldiers, merchants, settlers, missionaries, and explorers. In Europe, imperial expansion found favor with all classes, from bankers and manufacturers to workers. Western imperialism expanded rapidly for a number of reasons. The imperialism in the 1800s resulted from four key factors.First, nationalism created an atmosphere in which rival European countries build empires in their competitive quest for dominance in Europe and indeed the world. Secondly, the Industrial revolution created an extraordinary demand for raw material and new markets, which in essence push industrialized nations to seek over sea territories. Thirdly imperialism rested on the notion of what was called the â€Å"White Mans Burden†. This was a belief that was held by the European powers that it was their responsibility to civilize the people who the belief was pagans.Farah and Karls (2001) lamented that humanitarian impulses inspired many individuals to leav e their secure lives at home and head for distant colonies. The desire was to spread western technology, religion, custom and tradition to those how were seen as the uncivilized. Finally, according to Ellis and Esler (2009) behind the idea of western civilizing mission was the growing since of racial superiority. European races, the lamented, were believed to be superior to all others and domination of the weaker races was simply nature’s way of improving the human species.Nationalism played a vital role in the drive towards imperialism. ‘Nationalism is a political ideology that involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined in national terms’ (Athena, 2001. p. 226) . It is also seen as the belief that a nation will benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals Ellis et al (2009) lamented that western leaders claimed that colonies were needed for nationa l security. In the last half of the 1800s European nations visualize them self as the ideal country.If Great Britain started a small colony in distant or Africa, France had to start one too-and so did Belgium, Germany, Italy, Holland, Spain, Portugal and Russia. Nationalism in the extreme promotes the idea of national superiority. Industrialized countries therefore felt they had the right to take control of weaker areas. Countries also tried to increase their power through the control of more land and people. In the 1800s Europe underwent a renewed period of imperialism which was very sophisticated in its nature. Much emphasis was placed on gaining or controlling a colony.The resources and wealth gain from the colony was used to finance war and the army as well as the economy. The stronger a European military gets the more power full that country become in Europe and as such gaining the wealth from a colony could either break or build the power and prestige of a nation. When France for example, moved into West Africa, rival nations such as Britain and Germany seized lands nearby to halt further French expansion. In essence the Europeans taught of the colonies as a source of security. So strong and sophisticated was the sentiment of nationalism that it set of what was known as a ‘Scramble for Africa.West Africa was already known to the European but the interior was untouched. The Belgian king Leopold the second occupies and carry profitable economic activities in the Congo (South Central Africa). Before long Britain, France, Germany and Italy were all lock in a tussle, pressing rivals claim to the region. According to Bickers and Henriot (2000), the scramble was turning out to be bloodshed between European powers. However this was somehow prevented with the calling of the Berlin Conference in Germany by the German Statesman Otto Von Bismarck.This conference was design to reach a peace full agreement over the partition of Africa, but it reflect the ideals of imperialism as only the European powers were invited to the meeting and yet still it was the land of the Africans they were dividing among themselves. The Industrial Revolution of the 1800s knew no borders. The era known as the Industrial Revolution was a period in which fundamental changes occurred in agriculture, textile and metal manufacture, transportation, economic policies and the social structure in England’ (Ashton, 1969. p. 24).Advances in agricultural techniques and practices resulted in an increased supply of food and raw materials, changes in industrial organization and new technology resulted in increased production, efficiency and profits, and the increase in commerce, foreign and domestic, were all conditions which promoted the advent of the Industrial Revolution. ‘The industrial revolution was the most compelling driving force behind imperialism in the 1800s’ (Thompson, 1964. p. 147). The newly build machineries and factory in Europe and the un ited state utilizes tons of raw resources and produces a tremendous amount of manufactured goods.Europe alone could not provide the raw material and the bulk the recourses needed for manufacturing would have to come from outside of Europe. On the same note the European market was becoming overwhelmed with producers and a new market was also needed for the selling of the manufacture goods. As such, face with the desire for well needed raw materials and new markets, the industrialize countries of Europe set out on a quest for new colonies in order to facilitate the needs of their new industrialize cities.Fascinatingly the areas such as East Asia, Africa and the Americas were scarcely known to the Europeans. However the little they know about areas was compelling enough to indicate that these regions amass a huge amount of resources. Thus it is not surprising that these regions would become the safe haven for European exploit of raw material and markets. According Ellis (2009) the indu strial revolution started with the textile industry in Britain and the amount of textile produce was dependent on the availability of cotton.Cotton was grown in huge amount in the regions of North Africa particularly the ancient civilization of Egypt. Cotton was also grown in excessive amount in India and because of this supply it came with little or no surprise that the British would seize the opportunity to colonize and bring these areas under their control. In great demand was raw material such as gold, copper, Rubber, diamond, silver, ivory, steel, Coal, Petroleum. Most of these resources if not all could be found in Africa and areas in the Middle East (Near East).As such these areas became the catalyst of European exploiting and economic activities. The economic demands of the industrial revolution were one of the reasons why these areas with the abundance of resources succumbed to the burden brought by the European imperials ideals. Europeans also ventured on a path to civiliz ed (Civilizing Mission) the people who they themselves claim as uncivilized. The ‘civilizing mission’ as it was term was notably the underlying principle of French and Portuguese  colonial rule  in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.Kuper (1965) lament that it was influential in the French colonies of  Algeria,  French West Africa, and Indochina, and in the Portuguese colonies of Angola, Guinea, Mozambique and Timor . The European colonial powers felt it was their duty to bring  Western Civilization  to what they perceived as backwards peoples. Rather than merely govern colonial peoples, the Europeans would attempt to westernize them in accordance with a colonial ideology known as â€Å"assimilation†. Those who did not practice the Christian faith were seen as pagans and as such it was the ‘white man burden’ (Europeans) to save these people by Christianizing them.According to Esler (2009) during the age of imperialism, growing numbers of catholic and protestant missionaries decided to bring the Christian message to the most remote parts of Africa and Asia. Like many other Europeans and Americans of this period, these missionaries believed that Christianity and Western Civilization together could benefit and transform the world. Educating the people into western education was just another aspect of European conquest as even the education itself was design in such a way to prevent the people from the colonies to accept their own traditions and culture.To achieve these goal missionaries usually set up churches schools and hospitals as well. Esler (2009) explained that some Europeans seized on the theory of Social Darwinism as a proof of their cultural and racial superiority. ‘Social Darwinism’ is a belief, popular in the late Victorian age in England, and America which states that the strongest or fittest should survive and flourish in society while the weak and unfit should be allowed to die’ ( Hawkins, 1997. p. 457).The European adopted this theory and truly put it into effect as one of their reason for conquest and imperial rule was because they saw themselves as the dominant race with the god given right to rule. European during the 1800s and the earlier half of the 1900s view the non-white race of Africa and Asia as barbaric and uncivilized or somewhat a lesser species of the human race. Because of these descriptions the European held it in their view that this race should be control and dominated by the superior race which of course was the Europeans.European domination led to erosion of traditional African and Asian values and destroyed many existing social relationships. Native peoples were forced to work long hard hours for subsistence pay. In an attempt to come to a conclusion, the research done have shown that imperialism in the 1800s was cause out of four key factors. These were the Industrial Revolution, Nationalism, religion and racial superiority. The econom ic demands of the industrial revolution had a profound impact on European economy and the colonies the governed. The more resources came from he colonies the wealthier and more power full the mother country became. In their quest was also to civilized the people of the colonies who the thought were barbaric. As such schools and church alike was established within the colonies. Imperialism was also driven on the basis of racial superiority. The Europeans held the view that they were superior to the colonies over which they dominated. Africa and Asia were the continents that succumb to the imperialist ideals of the 1800s. They were a region with a lot of resources and wealth which was needed to foster economic growth n Europe.Reference Athena,L (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers Ashton, T. S. (1969) The Industrial Revolution. London: Oxford University Press Chambers, J. D. The Workshop of the World. London: Oxford University Press, 1968. Esler, A and Ellis, E (2009) World History. USA: Prentice Hall Farah, A and Karls, A. B (2001) World history: the human experience. USA: McGraw Hill Hawkins, M (1997). Social Darwinism in European and American Thought 1860-1945: Nature and Model and Nature as Threat.London: Cambridge University Press Johnston, Ronald John (2000). The Dictionary of Human Geography (4th ed. ). USA: Wiley-Blackwell Kuper H,(1965) Urbanization and Migration in West Africa . California: Mayfield Publishers Company Bicker,R and Henriot,C (2000) New Frontiers: Imperialism's New Communities in East Asia, 1842–1953. Manchester: Manchester University Press Simon C. Smith, (1998) British Imperialism 1750–1970, Cambridge University Press Thompson, E. P. (1964) The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Pantheon

Prespectives on Personality Essay

The study of personality is one of the major topics of interest within psychology. Numerous personality theories exist, and most of the major ones fall in to one of four major perspectives. Each of these perspectives on personality attempts to describe different patterns in personality, including how these patterns form and how people differ on an individual level. The Psychoanalytic Perspective The  psychoanalytic perspective  of personality emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind. This perspective on personality was created by psychiatrist Sigmund Freud who believed that things hidden in the unconscious could be revealed in a number of different ways, including through dreams, free association and slips of the tongue. Neo-Freudian theorists, including Erik Erikson, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and  Karen Horney, believed in the importance of the unconscious, but disagreed with other aspects of Freud’s theories. The Humanistic Perspective The humanistic perspective of personality focuses on psychological growth, free will and personal awareness. It takes a more positive outlook on human nature and is centered on how each person can achieve their individual potential. The Social Cognitive Perspective The social cognitive perspective of personality emphasizes the importance of observational learning, self-efficacy, situational influences and cognitive processes. Major Theorists and Their Theories: †¢ Sigmund Freud:  Stressed the importance of early childhood events, the influence of the unconscious and sexual instincts in the development and formation of personality. Erik Erikson:  Emphasized the social elements of personality development, the identity crisis and how personality is shaped over the course of the entire lifespan. †¢ Carl Jung:  Focused on concepts such as the collective unconscious,  archetypes  and psychological types. †¢ Alfred Adler:  Believed the core motive behind personality involves striving for superiority, or the desire to overcome challenges and move closer toward self-realiz ation. This desire to achieve superiority stems from underlying feelings of inferiority that Adler believed were universal. Karen Horney:  Focused on the need to overcome basic anxiety, the sense of being isolated and alone in the world. She emphasized the societal and cultural factors that also play a role in personality, including the importance of the parent-child relationship. What is the Trait Theory The trait approach to personality is one of the major theoretical areas in the study of personality. The trait theory suggests that individual personalities are composed broad dispositions. Consider how you would describe the personality of a close friend. Chances are that you would list a number of traits, such as  outgoing,  kind  and  even-tempered. A trait can be thought of as a relatively stable characteristic that causes individuals to behave in certain ways. The Trait Perspective The trait perspective of personality is centered on identifying, describing and measuring the specific traits that make up human personality. By understanding these traits, researchers believe they can better comprehend the differences between individuals Gordon Allport’s Trait Theory In 1936, psychologist  Gordon Allport  found that one English-language dictionary alone contained more than 4,000 words describing different personality traits.   He categorized these traits into three levels: †¢ Cardinal Traits:  Traits that dominate an individual’s whole life, often to the point that the person becomes known specifically for these traits. People with such personalities often become so known for these traits that their names are often synonymous with these qualities. Consider the origin and meaning of the following descriptive terms: Freudian, Machiavellian, narcissism, Don Juan, Christ-like, etc. Allport suggested that cardinal traits are rare and tend to develop later in life. 2 Central Traits:  These are the general characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality. These central traits, while not as dominating as cardinal traits, are the major characteristics you might use to describe another perso n. Terms such as  intelligent,  honest,shy  and  anxious  are considered central traits. †¢ Secondary Traits:  These are the traits that are sometimes related to attitudes or preferences and often appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances. Some examples would be getting anxious when speaking to a group or impatient while waiting in line.

Beauty (unlike ugliness)

Beauty (unlike ugliness) cannot really be explained and it was also quoted that â€Å"Like a God (and as empty), it can only say: I am what I am. 1 The path to beauty is what we are all trying to find and to follow. To define beauty as that which is sought, as it appears in imagination, is sufficient that everyone is seeking beauty, for it cannot be denied that everyone is looking for something and dreaming about it. 2 To dispute taste is futile, because beauty varies for different people and for the same person.The vulgar have their beauty, the lofty theirs. But the vulgar have moments in which they may appreciate another beauty, and so have lofty. Beauty is not entirely a personal affair, because the most subjective things are an objective part of human nature which is universal; as the hidden arrangements in one house are like those other houses. Ideas we take into our heads differ hardly more that food we consume. Seldom is there reason to suppose more individuality in our thoug ht s than in our behavior and apparel.We happen to have access to our own physical and psychical quarters, and can shut the door on the rest of the world; but there is no mysterious cleavage between this subjectivity or what is objective or out in the open. 3 The sameness of human wishes in their most subjective state is made public on screen of the movie, in the human interest stories of the newspaper magazines and novels, in window displays and on billboards. Advertisers write the open text on aesthetics that all may read.They know that men and women are enough alike to want the same things, to admire the same beauty; and they are so sure of this that on it they stake their fortunes. It would be idle to argue that each person has not a different idea of beauty, were not the illusion of uniqueness rather universal. According to Ames, people are richer or poorer in appreciation, but as, as in their belongings, they are luxurious or lacking in similar things, so that their very diffe rences are same.He added that, imaginations and predilections are as objective as hair and eyes, and equally dependent upon heredity and environment. Given a certain nature, education and experience, certain wishes will be inevitable which will necessarily reflect in appropriate beauty. Precisely because variation is rare it is magnified. Each person cherishes what personality he has, and is glad that in being conditioned to seek his own he can reject what is foreign to him and call it as ugly, though he is also happy to belike other people and to share their enthusiasm.Based on Ames, there are fewer disputes about beauty than is often assumed, because most people accept the standards of their country and sex, class and set. Western philosophers and psychologist have always been interested in the nature of art, the appreciation of art, and the psychology of artist. 4 Plato argued that aesthetic experience _____________________________________ 1. â€Å" Pacteau, F. (1994). â€Å" T he Symtom of Beauty. New York: Reaktion Books, 1-232. ISBN 094846254X. 2. Ames, V. M (1968). â€Å" Introduction to Beauty.New York: Ayer Publishing, ISBN 094846254X. 3. Ibid. 4. Hagman, G. (2005). â€Å"Aesthetic experience: beauty, creativity, and the search for the ideal. New York: Rodopi, ISBN 9042018569. 1 2 involved the apprehension of the good in nature. The non-sensuous pleasure, perhaps awe, of aesthetic feeling resulted from the reflection of ideal form in the object that only hinted at the profound perfection and beauty of its higher model. Hagman said that, for Plato, it was the apperception of this hint, the glimpse of the ideal, which was the source of aesthetic experience.Later, religious thinkers believed that aesthetic experience was linked to the revelation of divinity in the world, the sense of the worldly beauty being a reflection of the eternal beauty of God. Similar to Plato’s view was the belief that some objects, most especially art, expressed Godâ⠂¬â„¢s love and perfection more than others – or at least, the divinity was more easily glimpsed in some objects than in others according to Hagman. He also added that, it was not until the eighteenth century that a true psychology of aesthetic experience began to emerge.Starting with David Hume and Immanuel Kant, these modern thinkers tried to explain aesthetic experience in psychological terms. The objective nature of â€Å"the good† and â€Å"the beauty of God† came to be replaced by psychological processes by which our experience of the world is given aesthetic qualities and values5. Hume argued that aesthetic experience was associated with sensitivity to the association between a perception and a feeling. The particular aesthetic feeling s were those of refined pleasure, delight, awe, admiration, joy, and so on – in other word, the effects and passions considered to be special, positive value.Hume believed that certain type of experiences, those poss essing beauty, attained higher qualities in the formal expression of these feelings. Thus, for Hume, human’s sensibility and emotion replaced divinity and ideal form of aesthetic experience. Art, as opposed to natural sources of beauty, expressed certain associated feelings in refined and highly valued ways6. Hume argued that a person could develop his or her critical judgment in aesthetic matters by means of experience and study.He also stressed the need for the audience to keep â€Å"his mind from all prejudice and allow nothing to enter into consideration but the very object that is submitted to examination†. Hume claimed that the audience must be comfortable and without other intentions when viewing something aesthetically; this was one of the initial argument for the role of disinterest in aesthetic experience. What Hume was describing was type of empathy, an ability to put aside one’s normal position and needs and to â€Å"place oneself in that point of v iew that the artwork supposes†.Thus, aesthetic experience assumed a special form of relationship with the object in which the audience members would approach the experience with benign neutrality and willingness to give themselves over to the experience without prejudice. This relationship would then ideally result in a pleasant emotional state evoked by the specialness and refinement of the object ______________________________________ 5. Hagman, G. (2005). â€Å"Aesthetic experience: beauty, creativity, and the search for the ideal. New York: Rodopi, ISBN 9042018569. 6. Ibid 3Immanuel Kant postulated that aesthetic experience was a type of subjective judgment distinct from other human emotions, referring to this as taste. Essentially, taste was a type of universal and natural human capability similar to other modes of perception. As one experiences something aesthetically, there are sensations of pleasure within an attitude of disinterest. In fact, for Kant, taste was close r to reason than to emotion or sensation; it constituted recognition of a priori truths (such as beauty) in the concrete, â€Å"objective purposiveness†. Nonillusions and some Persistent MysteriesOne of the most curious phenomena that simply cannot be understood in terms of their primary cause sat the present time is the close relationship between certain mathematical series (e. g. , the Fibonacci numbers in which each successive term is the sum of the two preceding numbers) and the extreme vaguely defined cognitive experience we call visual pleasure or beauty. 7 If each Fibonacci numbers is then divided by the one previous to it, this new series converges on what has become a magical number – 1. 615838†¦, otherwise known as the golden ratio.The golden ratio appears ubiquitously in a wide variety of biological systems including the arrangements of seeds on a flower, the structure of fruits and vegetables, and the shape of the spiral shells of a Chambered Nautilus. 7 Most interesting in the present context, however, is the fact that if an observer is asked to identify the width and height of the most beautiful rectangle, the usual answer is close to the golden ratio. They said that this phenomenon appears through the history of art with the pyramids, Greek temples, renaissance art, and the contemporary views of female beauty all showing evidence of golden ratio.It is also observable in musical compositions. 8 Thus, there appears to be a close relationship between a subjective aesthetic judgment and a fundamental number appearing in a mathematical expression. 9 The problem is that this is a purely empirical observation; there is no theory of why these two domains should be linked in this manner. This mysterious relationship suggests, however, that mathematics and human aesthetic is intimately tied together for totally obscure reasons. Perhaps it is due to evolutionary forces of which we are only beginning to understand, but even this is the lo osest kind of speculation.Nevertheless, there are some well – established links that are considered. Aestheticians themselves are in surprising accord as to the nature of beauty and art. They usually agree that beauty is a value and that art is the means of realizing the value. They say that beauty lifts us out of littleness to understanding of the meaning of existence. In beauty we see the finish and finality toward which our efforts tend the poise to which our wobbly lives aspire. In beauty we behold our desire without ceasing to desire it, for the most satisfying beauty is the more it arouses longing.The classic ideal of beauty is more calm, the romantic more vehement, ______________________________________ 7. Uttal, W. R. (2003). â€Å"Psychomythics: Sources of Artifacts and Misconceptions in Scientific Psychology. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, ISBN 0805845844. 9. Ibid. 10. Ibid 4 while the modern tends to be wild and madcap; yet there is a passion in the classi c ideal, composure in the romantic, and some restraint in the modern, else none of them could be beautiful. From Sublimation to RegressionIn 1961, Robert Fleiss published an interesting elaboration of Freud’s sublimation model of aesthetic experience. Fleiss believed that in aesthetic experience, especially in the sense of beauty, there is a normal regression to an â€Å"early perceptory relation† involving the modality of primary perception,† which he conceived of as the combinations of perceptions of the labyrinth – outer skin, hands, and mouth unified into a single, nondistinguishable experience. According to Fleiss, in aesthetic enjoyment there is a muscular discharge of neutral energy.Rather than cannibalizing the object, the person experiences emphatic introjections of it. 12 Fleiss located the developmental level of aesthetic experience in the first oral phase prior to the mobilization of aggression that results in incorporative actions and fantasie s. He argued that the sublimation of this neutral oral libido is â€Å"inseparable from aesthetic enjoyment† and includes muscular discharges involved in the â€Å"modality of primary perception† – â€Å"a modality that continues to function throughout life.Thus, for Fleiss, sublimation is not simply a defense, but a normal aspect of the vicissitudes of libido that re essentially neutral during the first oral phase. It is the activity of this libido throughout life that accounts for the ubiquity of aesthetic experience. In an interesting series of case reports, Fleiss illustrated the relationship between sex and aesthetic enjoyment, and even argued for the simultaneous experience of both in mature, healthy sexual relations. ConclusionFor centuries, beauty has been considered a feminine attribute, and its pursuit a feminine responsibility. In fact the word beauty itself reflects the intimate connection between beauty and femininity. Even the most recent revision of the Webmaster’s New World Dictionary has as one of it’s definitions of beauty â€Å"a very good looking woman. † Thus we postulate that women’s preoccupation their appearance is consistent with the feminine sex-role stereotype. There are at least two additional aspects of beauty that may fuel women’s effort to emulate their culture’s beauty ideal.First, beauty often is associated with moral goodness, with being virtuous. Second, beauty can contribute to being powerful. _________________________________________ 11. â€Å" Santayana, G. (1955). â€Å" The Sense of Beauty: Being the Outline of Aesthetic Theory. New York: Courier Dover Publications, ISBN 0486202380. 12. Hagman, G. (2005). â€Å"Aesthetic experience: beauty, creativity, and the search for the ideal. New York: Rodopi, ISBN 9042018569. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ames, V. M (1968). â€Å" Introduction to Beauty. New York: Ayer Publishing, ISBN 094846254X.Hagman, G. (2005). â€Å"Aestheti c experience: beauty, creativity, and the search for the ideal. New York: Rodopi, ISBN 9042018569. Pacteau, F. (1994). â€Å" The Symtom of Beauty. New York: Reaktion Books, 1-232. ISBN 094846254X. Santayana, G. (1955). â€Å" The Sense of Beauty: Being the Outline of Aesthetic Theory. New York: Courier Dover Publications, 1-168. ISBN 0486202380. Uttal, W. R. (2003). â€Å"Psychomythics: Sources of Artifacts and Misconceptions in Scientific Psychology. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, ISBN 0805845844.